Georeferencing for Paleo - Exploring Existing Aggregator Data
Erica Krimmel, Holly Little, Talia Karim, Carrie Levitt-Bussian, Deb Paul
2020-04-28
Overview
Our goal here is to explore the georeferenced data that paleontological collections are currently providing to iDigBio. In particular, we want to know…
- How prevalent is georeferencing in our data?
- What standard terms are in use?
- How are standard terms being used?
# Load core libraries; install these packages if you have not already
library(ridigbio)
library(tidyverse)
library(wordcloud)
# Load library for making nice HTML output
library(kableExtra)What data are we looking at?
Data in this example was downloaded from iDigBio on 2020-02-04 using the query: basisofrecord = “fossilspecimen.” A data download from iDigBio includes both the raw data, as published by the data provider (e.g. the collection), and a second version of the same data which has been processed by iDigBio. You can learn more about what the difference between raw and processed recordsets contained in an iDigBio data download in this blog post.
Our data here are comprised of 57 provider datasets representing a total of 5,569,112 specimen records. Here is an example of what the raw provider data look like:
| coreid | aec:associatedTaxa | dc:rights | dcterms:accessRights | dcterms:bibliographicCitation | dcterms:language | dcterms:license | dcterms:modified | dcterms:references | dcterms:rights | dcterms:rightsHolder | dcterms:source | dcterms:type | dwc:Identification | dwc:MeasurementOrFact | dwc:ResourceRelationship | dwc:VerbatimEventDate | dwc:acceptedNameUsage | dwc:acceptedNameUsageID | dwc:accessRights | dwc:associatedMedia | dwc:associatedOccurrences | dwc:associatedOrganisms | dwc:associatedReferences | dwc:associatedSequences | dwc:associatedTaxa | dwc:basisOfRecord | dwc:bed | dwc:behavior | dwc:catalogNumber | dwc:class | dwc:classs | dwc:collectionCode | dwc:collectionID | dwc:continent | dwc:coordinatePrecision | dwc:coordinateUncertaintyInMeters | dwc:country | dwc:countryCode | dwc:county | dwc:dataGeneralizations | dwc:datasetID | dwc:datasetName | dwc:dateIdentified | dwc:day | dwc:decimalLatitude | dwc:decimalLongitude | dwc:disposition | dwc:dynamicProperties | dwc:earliestAgeOrLowestStage | dwc:earliestEonOrLowestEonothem | dwc:earliestEpochOrLowestSeries | dwc:earliestEraOrLowestErathem | dwc:earliestPeriodOrLowestSystem | dwc:endDayOfYear | dwc:establishmentMeans | dwc:eventDate | dwc:eventID | dwc:eventRemarks | dwc:eventTime | dwc:family | dwc:fieldNotes | dwc:fieldNumber | dwc:footprintSRS | dwc:footprintSpatialFit | dwc:footprintWKT | dwc:formation | dwc:genus | dwc:geodeticDatum | dwc:geologicalContextID | dwc:georeferenceProtocol | dwc:georeferenceRemarks | dwc:georeferenceSources | dwc:georeferenceVerificationStatus | dwc:georeferencedBy | dwc:georeferencedDate | dwc:group | dwc:habitat | dwc:higherClassification | dwc:higherGeography | dwc:higherGeographyID | dwc:highestBiostratigraphicZone | dwc:identificationID | dwc:identificationQualifier | dwc:identificationReferences | dwc:identificationRemarks | dwc:identificationVerificationStatus | dwc:identifiedBy | dwc:individualCount | dwc:informationWithheld | dwc:infraspecificEpithet | dwc:institutionCode | dwc:institutionID | dwc:island | dwc:islandGroup | dwc:kingdom | dwc:language | dwc:latestAgeOrHighestStage | dwc:latestEonOrHighestEonothem | dwc:latestEpochOrHighestSeries | dwc:latestEraOrHighestErathem | dwc:latestPeriodOrHighestSystem | dwc:lifeStage | dwc:lithostratigraphicTerms | dwc:locality | dwc:locationAccordingTo | dwc:locationID | dwc:locationRemarks | dwc:lowestBiostratigraphicZone | dwc:materialSampleID | dwc:maximumDepthInMeters | dwc:maximumElevationInMeters | dwc:member | dwc:minimumDepthInMeters | dwc:minimumElevationInMeters | dwc:modified | dwc:month | dwc:municipality | dwc:nameAccordingTo | dwc:namePublishedIn | dwc:namePublishedInID | dwc:namePublishedInYear | dwc:nomenclaturalCode | dwc:nomenclaturalStatus | dwc:occurrenceDetails | dwc:occurrenceID | dwc:occurrenceRemarks | dwc:occurrenceStatus | dwc:order | dwc:organismID | dwc:organismName | dwc:organismQuantity | dwc:organismQuantityType | dwc:organismRemarks | dwc:originalNameUsage | dwc:originalNameUsageID | dwc:otherCatalogNumbers | dwc:ownerInstitutionCode | dwc:parentNameUsage | dwc:phylum | dwc:pointRadiusSpatialFit | dwc:preparations | dwc:previousIdentifications | dwc:recordNumber | dwc:recordedBy | dwc:reproductiveCondition | dwc:rights | dwc:rightsHolder | dwc:sampleSizeValue | dwc:samplingEffort | dwc:samplingProtocol | dwc:scientificName | dwc:scientificNameAuthorship | dwc:scientificNameID | dwc:sex | dwc:specificEpithet | dwc:startDayOfYear | dwc:stateProvince | dwc:subgenus | dwc:taxonID | dwc:taxonRank | dwc:taxonRemarks | dwc:taxonomicStatus | dwc:typeStatus | dwc:verbatimCoordinateSystem | dwc:verbatimCoordinates | dwc:verbatimDepth | dwc:verbatimElevation | dwc:verbatimEventDate | dwc:verbatimLatitude | dwc:verbatimLocality | dwc:verbatimLongitude | dwc:verbatimSRS | dwc:verbatimTaxonRank | dwc:vernacularName | dwc:waterBody | dwc:year | gbif:Identifier | gbif:Reference | idigbio:recordId | symbiota:recordEnteredBy | symbiota:verbatimScientificName | zan:ChronometricDate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3ee2f19f-046f-4c52-ab31-f9b42ed12a89 | NA | NA | 2011-05-09 00:00:00 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | FossilSpecimen | NA | NA | Lzzz/4510 | NA | Fossil | NA | Asia | NA | NA | Indonesia | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Cervidae | NA | NA | NA | NA | Axis | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | MZLU | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Sangiran | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | MZLU:Fossil:Lzzz/4510 | Artiodactyla | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Skeletal part(s) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Axis sp | NA | NA | NA | Java | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9702a3d1-810a-4f9a-b9e9-7bc04f54f7f4 | NA | NA | Open Access, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/; see Yale Peabody policies at: http://hdl.handle.net/10079/8931zqj | Paramys (YPM VP 059011) | en | http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ | 2017-03-28 16:45:37 | http://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-VP-059011 | Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History | NA | PhysicalObject | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | FossilSpecimen | NA | NA | YPM VP 059011 | Mammalia | NA | VP | NA | North America | NA | NA | USA | NA | Coordinate data unavailable | NA | 10 | NA | NA | Eocene | Tertiary | NA | NA | 1963-06-10 | NA | NA | NA | Ischyromyidae | NA | 63-188 | NA | NA | NA | Willwood Fm | Paramys | NA | NA | NA | Animalia; Chordata; Vertebrata; Amniota; Mammalia; Theriiformes—–Theria-Placentalia-Epitheria; Preptotheria-Anagalida-Simplicidentata; Rodentia; Sciuromorpha; Ischyromyoidea; Ischyromyidae; Paramyinae | North America; USA; Wyoming | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | YPM | NA | NA | NA | Animalia | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ICZN | NA | NA | urn:uuid:004bd82e-de14-4917-8d21-ab9dcb39b2fb | jaw fragment with tooth, 2 jaw fragments with incisors, 1 incisor, 1 incisor fragment; VP number 59011; lot count 1 | Rodentia | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | YPM | NA | Chordata | NA | Paramys | NA | Yale 1963 Wyoming (Willwood) Expedition, Yale 1963 Wyoming (Willwood) Expedition | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Paramys | Leidy, 1871 | NA | NA | NA | Wyoming | NA | Genus | Fossils, Rocks and Minerals: Fossils - Vertebrates | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | squirrels; rodents; mammals; vertebrates; chordates; animals | NA | 1963 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 07da9e61-2e81-4eb4-b7c1-74c1cac96630 | NA | NA | Open Access, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/; see Yale Peabody policies at: http://hdl.handle.net/10079/8931zqj | Deinonychus antirrhopus (YPM VP 059012) | en | http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ | 2017-03-22 15:31:23 | http://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-VP-059012 | Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History | NA | PhysicalObject | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | FossilSpecimen | NA | NA | YPM VP 059012 | Reptilia | NA | VP | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Dromaeosauridae | NA | NA | NA | NA | Deinonychus | NA | NA | NA | Animalia; Chordata; Vertebrata; Amniota; Reptilia; Diapsida; Archosauria; Saurischia; Theropoda; Dromaeosauridae | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | YPM | NA | NA | NA | Animalia | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ICZN | NA | NA | urn:uuid:8a42b32c-5934-43c6-8c61-be863403fc55 | Composite left manus for Teaching Collection, see notes for list of elements; VP number 59012; lot count 1 | Saurischia | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | YPM | NA | Chordata | NA | cast | Deinonychus antirrhopus | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Deinonychus antirrhopus | Ostrom, 1969 | NA | NA | antirrhopus | NA | NA | Species | Fossils, Rocks and Minerals: Fossils - Vertebrates | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | raptors; dinosaurs; Reptiles; vertebrates; chordates; animals | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 05698b27-d162-4628-92e9-3153ff67a6ab | NA | NA | Open Access, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/; see Yale Peabody policies at: http://hdl.handle.net/10079/8931zqj | Rodentia (YPM VP 059002) | en | http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ | 2017-03-28 16:17:01 | http://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-VP-059002 | Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History | NA | PhysicalObject | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | FossilSpecimen | NA | NA | YPM VP 059002 | Mammalia | NA | VP | NA | North America | NA | NA | USA | NA | Big Horn County | Coordinate data unavailable | NA | 18 | NA | NA | Eocene | Tertiary | NA | NA | 1963-06-18 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 370 | NA | NA | NA | Willwood Fm | NA | NA | NA | Animalia; Chordata; Vertebrata; Amniota; Mammalia; Theriiformes—–Theria-Placentalia-Epitheria; Preptotheria-Anagalida-Simplicidentata; Rodentia | North America; USA; Wyoming; Big Horn County | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 | YPM | NA | NA | NA | Animalia | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ICZN | NA | NA | urn:uuid:e3c74dca-f079-4078-90f0-299b3208cf18 | jaw fragment with teeth; VP number 59002; lot count 1 | Rodentia | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | YPM | NA | Chordata | NA | Rodentia | NA | Yale 1963 Wyoming (Willwood) Expedition, Yale 1963 Wyoming (Willwood) Expedition | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Rodentia | Bowdich, 1821 | NA | NA | NA | Wyoming | NA | Order | Fossils, Rocks and Minerals: Fossils - Vertebrates | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | rodents; mammals; vertebrates; chordates; animals | NA | 1963 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8c826bb5-ba30-4357-b119-18b24541a02c | NA | NA | NA | http://ucmpdb.berkeley.edu/cgi/ucmp_query2?spec_id=V285838&one=T | http://vertnet.org/resources/norms.html | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | FossilSpecimen | NA | NA | 285838 | Reptilia | NA | V | NA | North America | NA | NA | United States | NA | Apache County | NA | NA | NA | NA | Mesozoic | Late Triassic | Mesozoic | Triassic | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Stagonolepididae | NA | NA | NA | NA | Chinle | Acaenosuchus | -7308 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Late Triassic | NA | NA | NA | NA | Location data available to qualified researchers on request. | UCMP | NA | NA | NA | Animalia | NA | Mesozoic | Late Triassic | Mesozoic | Triassic | NA | Saint Johns 2 | NA | -7308 | NA | Late Triassic | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ICZN | NA | NA | urn:catalog:UCMP:V:285838 | Aetosauria | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | transverse process and osteoderms tip | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Acaenosuchus geoffreyi | NA | NA | geoffreyi | NA | Arizona | NA | species | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| f26beca1-32ab-4c87-bc70-57af70aac9c8 | NA | NA | NA | http://ucmpdb.berkeley.edu/cgi/ucmp_query2?spec_id=V285929&one=T | http://vertnet.org/resources/norms.html | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | FossilSpecimen | NA | NA | 285929 | Amphibia | NA | V | NA | North America | NA | NA | United States | NA | Apache County | NA | NA | NA | NA | Mesozoic | Late Triassic | Mesozoic | Triassic | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Metoposauridae | NA | NA | NA | NA | Chinle | -7308 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Late Triassic | NA | NA | NA | NA | Location data available to qualified researchers on request. | UCMP | NA | NA | NA | Animalia | NA | Mesozoic | Late Triassic | Mesozoic | Triassic | NA | Saint Johns 2 | NA | -7308 | NA | Late Triassic | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ICZN | NA | NA | urn:catalog:UCMP:V:285929 | Temnospondyli | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | skull fragment | NA | Camp, C.L. | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Metoposauridae | NA | NA | NA | Arizona | NA | family | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
And here’s an example of what the data look like after being processed by iDigBio:
| coreid | idigbio:associatedsequences | idigbio:barcodeValue | dwc:basisOfRecord | dwc:bed | gbif:canonicalName | dwc:catalogNumber | dwc:class | dwc:collectionCode | dwc:collectionID | idigbio:collectionName | dwc:recordedBy | dwc:vernacularName | idigbio:commonnames | dwc:continent | dwc:coordinateUncertaintyInMeters | dwc:country | idigbio:isoCountryCode | dwc:county | idigbio:eventDate | idigbio:dateModified | idigbio:dataQualityScore | dwc:earliestAgeOrLowestStage | dwc:earliestEonOrLowestEonothem | dwc:earliestEpochOrLowestSeries | dwc:earliestEraOrLowestErathem | dwc:earliestPeriodOrLowestSystem | idigbio:etag | dwc:eventDate | dwc:family | dwc:fieldNumber | idigbio:flags | dwc:formation | dwc:genus | dwc:geologicalContextID | idigbio:geoPoint | dwc:group | idigbio:hasImage | idigbio:hasMedia | dwc:higherClassification | dwc:highestBiostratigraphicZone | dwc:individualCount | dwc:infraspecificEpithet | dwc:institutionCode | dwc:institutionID | idigbio:institutionName | dwc:kingdom | dwc:latestAgeOrHighestStage | dwc:latestEonOrHighestEonothem | dwc:latestEpochOrHighestSeries | dwc:latestEraOrHighestErathem | dwc:latestPeriodOrHighestSystem | dwc:lithostratigraphicTerms | dwc:locality | dwc:lowestBiostratigraphicZone | dwc:maximumDepthInMeters | dwc:maximumElevationInMeters | idigbio:mediarecords | dwc:member | dwc:minimumDepthInMeters | dwc:minimumElevationInMeters | dwc:municipality | dwc:occurrenceID | dwc:order | dwc:phylum | idigbio:recordIds | dwc:recordNumber | idigbio:recordset | dwc:scientificName | dwc:specificEpithet | dwc:startDayOfYear | dwc:stateProvince | dwc:taxonID | dwc:taxonomicStatus | dwc:taxonRank | dwc:typeStatus | idigbio:uuid | dwc:verbatimEventDate | dwc:verbatimLocality | idigbio:version | dwc:waterBody |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3ee2f19f-046f-4c52-ab31-f9b42ed12a89 | NA | NA | fossilspecimen | NA | axis | lzzz/4510 | mammalia | fossil | NA | NA | asia | NA | indonesia | idn | NA | 2017-06-28 13:15:02 | 0.1594203 | 82681e6ba5c73210b7791c287c81de2850d670e6 | cervidae | [“dwc_taxonrank_added”, “dwc_phylum_added”, “dwc_scientificnameauthorship_added”, “dwc_taxonomicstatus_added”, “gbif_genericname_added”, “dwc_datasetid_added”, “dwc_parentnameusageid_added”, “dwc_taxonid_added”, “idigbio_isocountrycode_added”, “gbif_canonicalname_added”, “gbif_taxon_corrected”, “dwc_class_added”, “dwc_kingdom_added”] | axis | FALSE | FALSE | NA | mzlu | NA | NA | animalia | sangiran | NA | NA | NA | NA | mzlu:fossil:lzzz/4510 | artiodactyla | chordata | [“858a7761-82a5-47df-8e8a-dbc8806cf424\mzlu:fossil:lzzz/4510”] | NA | 858a7761-82a5-47df-8e8a-dbc8806cf424 | axis sp | NA | java | 8535967 | doubtful | genus | 3ee2f19f-046f-4c52-ab31-f9b42ed12a89 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9702a3d1-810a-4f9a-b9e9-7bc04f54f7f4 | NA | NA | fossilspecimen | NA | paramys | ypm vp 059011 | mammalia | vp | NA | NA | yale 1963 wyoming (willwood) expedition, yale 1963 wyoming (willwood) expedition | squirrels; rodents; mammals; vertebrates; chordates; animals | [“squirrels; rodents; mammals; vertebrates; chordates; animals”] | north america | NA | united states | usa | 1963-06-10 | 2017-12-06 14:53:16 | 0.3478261 | eocene | tertiary | ab063f634bbd55f12925d73fbafebaadc9cae97d | 1963-06-10 | ischyromyidae | 63-188 | [“dwc_country_replaced”, “idigbio_isocountrycode_added”, “gbif_canonicalname_added”, “dwc_taxonomicstatus_added”, “gbif_genericname_added”, “dwc_datasetid_added”, “gbif_taxon_corrected”, “dwc_parentnameusageid_added”, “dwc_taxonid_added”] | willwood fm | paramys | FALSE | FALSE | animalia; chordata; vertebrata; amniota; mammalia; theriiformes—–theria-placentalia-epitheria; preptotheria-anagalida-simplicidentata; rodentia; sciuromorpha; ischyromyoidea; ischyromyidae; paramyinae | 1 | ypm | NA | NA | animalia | NA | NA | NA | NA | urn:uuid:004bd82e-de14-4917-8d21-ab9dcb39b2fb | rodentia | chordata | [“0220907a-0463-4ae0-8a0b-77f5e80fff40\urn:uuid:004bd82e-de14-4917-8d21-ab9dcb39b2fb”] | NA | 0220907a-0463-4ae0-8a0b-77f5e80fff40 | paramys | 161 | wyoming | 4828164 | accepted | genus | 9702a3d1-810a-4f9a-b9e9-7bc04f54f7f4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 07da9e61-2e81-4eb4-b7c1-74c1cac96630 | NA | NA | fossilspecimen | NA | deinonychus antirrhopus | ypm vp 059012 | reptilia | vp | NA | NA | raptors; dinosaurs; reptiles; vertebrates; chordates; animals | [“raptors; dinosaurs; Reptiles; vertebrates; chordates; animals”] | NA | NA | 2017-12-06 14:53:16 | 0.1884058 | 27d07c44df90c0d9d64f5645bf540cb2d69bc4f3 | dromaeosauridae | [“gbif_canonicalname_added”, “dwc_taxonomicstatus_added”, “gbif_genericname_added”, “dwc_datasetid_added”, “gbif_taxon_corrected”, “dwc_parentnameusageid_added”, “dwc_taxonid_added”, “gbif_vernacularname_added”, “dwc_scientificnameauthorship_replaced”] | deinonychus | FALSE | FALSE | animalia; chordata; vertebrata; amniota; reptilia; diapsida; archosauria; saurischia; theropoda; dromaeosauridae | 1 | ypm | NA | NA | animalia | NA | NA | NA | NA | urn:uuid:8a42b32c-5934-43c6-8c61-be863403fc55 | saurischia | chordata | [“0220907a-0463-4ae0-8a0b-77f5e80fff40\urn:uuid:8a42b32c-5934-43c6-8c61-be863403fc55”] | NA | 0220907a-0463-4ae0-8a0b-77f5e80fff40 | deinonychus antirrhopus | antirrhopus | NA | 4966355 | accepted | species | 07da9e61-2e81-4eb4-b7c1-74c1cac96630 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 05698b27-d162-4628-92e9-3153ff67a6ab | NA | NA | fossilspecimen | NA | ypm vp 059002 | mammalia | vp | NA | NA | yale 1963 wyoming (willwood) expedition, yale 1963 wyoming (willwood) expedition | rodents; mammals; vertebrates; chordates; animals | [“rodents; mammals; vertebrates; chordates; animals”] | north america | NA | united states | usa | big horn county | 1963-06-18 | 2017-12-06 14:53:16 | 0.3768116 | eocene | tertiary | 1edf097413b16fc09bb889804599f2b4cc6a37bd | 1963-06-18 | 370 | [“dwc_country_replaced”, “idigbio_isocountrycode_added”] | willwood fm | FALSE | FALSE | animalia; chordata; vertebrata; amniota; mammalia; theriiformes—–theria-placentalia-epitheria; preptotheria-anagalida-simplicidentata; rodentia | 1 | ypm | NA | NA | animalia | NA | NA | NA | NA | urn:uuid:e3c74dca-f079-4078-90f0-299b3208cf18 | rodentia | chordata | [“0220907a-0463-4ae0-8a0b-77f5e80fff40\urn:uuid:e3c74dca-f079-4078-90f0-299b3208cf18”] | NA | 0220907a-0463-4ae0-8a0b-77f5e80fff40 | rodentia | 169 | wyoming | NA | order | 05698b27-d162-4628-92e9-3153ff67a6ab | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8c826bb5-ba30-4357-b119-18b24541a02c | NA | NA | fossilspecimen | NA | acaenasuchus geoffreyi | 285838 | reptilia | v | NA | NA | north america | NA | united states | usa | apache county | NA | 2017-07-10 22:25:29 | 0.3913043 | mesozoic | late triassic | mesozoic | triassic | 5425ef28de328df8942f7bd5bc44c5395afd9985 | stagonolepididae | [“dwc_phylum_added”, “dwc_scientificnameauthorship_added”, “dwc_taxonomicstatus_added”, “gbif_genericname_added”, “dwc_datasetid_added”, “gbif_taxon_corrected”, “dwc_taxonid_added”, “idigbio_isocountrycode_added”, “gbif_canonicalname_added”, “dwc_parentnameusageid_added”, “dwc_genus_replaced”] | chinle | acaenasuchus | -7308 | FALSE | FALSE | late triassic | NA | ucmp | NA | NA | animalia | mesozoic | late triassic | mesozoic | triassic | saint johns 2 | late triassic | NA | NA | NA | NA | urn:catalog:ucmp:v:285838 | aetosauria | chordata | [“5ab348ab-439a-4697-925c-d6abe0c09b92\urn:catalog:ucmp:v:285838”] | NA | 5ab348ab-439a-4697-925c-d6abe0c09b92 | acaenosuchus geoffreyi | geoffreyi | NA | arizona | 4967763 | accepted | species | 8c826bb5-ba30-4357-b119-18b24541a02c | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||||||||||||||||
| f26beca1-32ab-4c87-bc70-57af70aac9c8 | NA | NA | fossilspecimen | NA | 285929 | amphibia | v | NA | NA | camp, c.l. | north america | NA | united states | usa | apache county | NA | 2017-07-10 22:25:29 | 0.4492754 | mesozoic | late triassic | mesozoic | triassic | 2ad7cfef0c826acd4d4732229ebb9c998c276c4e | metoposauridae | [“idigbio_isocountrycode_added”] | chinle | -7308 | FALSE | FALSE | late triassic | NA | ucmp | NA | NA | animalia | mesozoic | late triassic | mesozoic | triassic | saint johns 2 | late triassic | NA | NA | NA | NA | urn:catalog:ucmp:v:285929 | temnospondyli | [“5ab348ab-439a-4697-925c-d6abe0c09b92\urn:catalog:ucmp:v:285929”] | NA | 5ab348ab-439a-4697-925c-d6abe0c09b92 | metoposauridae | NA | arizona | NA | family | f26beca1-32ab-4c87-bc70-57af70aac9c8 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
How prevalent is georeferencing in our data??
Of these records, 42.2% are georeferenced. The majority of this georeferencing has been done in the recent past.
What standard terms are in use?
At the recordset level
Presence/absence of georeferencing terms in use by paleo collections providing data to GBIF
Frequency of georeferencing terms in use by paleo collections providing data to GBIF
At the record level
How are standard terms being used?
Precision
Let’s take a more detailed look at these data, starting with assessing the precision of coordinates provided. When we talk about precision in this context we mean “the number of digits after the decimal point on a latitude or longitude that is recorded in decimal degrees.” Precision is a measure of the exactness of the latitude and longitude coordinates compared to reality. This comic illustrates the concept of precision well:
Image credit: xkcd
Precision is an essential concept for paleo collections because reducing precision (typically by truncating decimals) is a common method we use to obscure locality data when sharing it widely. Let’s summarize the precision of our data here:
| precision_lat | precision_lon | count | percent |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.000001 | 0.000001 | 705919 | 30.0 |
| 0.01 | 0.01 | 569041 | 24.2 |
| 0.00001 | 0.00001 | 204761 | 8.7 |
| 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 163805 | 7.0 |
| 0.0000001 | 0.0000001 | 105205 | 4.5 |
| 0.1 | 0.1 | 74231 | 3.2 |
| 0.000001 | 0.00001 | 63567 | 2.7 |
| 0.00001 | 0.000001 | 58538 | 2.5 |
| 0.01 | 0.1 | 52133 | 2.2 |
| 0.001 | 0.001 | 46861 | 2.0 |
| 0.0001 | 0.001 | 36495 | 1.6 |
| 0.00001 | 0.0001 | 30938 | 1.3 |
| 0.0000001 | 0.000001 | 25408 | 1.1 |
| 0.1 | 0.01 | 24225 | 1.0 |
| 0.0001 | 0.00001 | 15072 | 0.6 |
| 0.001 | 0.0001 | 13036 | 0.6 |
| 0.001 | 0.01 | 11958 | 0.5 |
| NA | 0.1 | 11917 | 0.5 |
| 0.000001 | 0.0001 | 11015 | 0.5 |
| 0.0001 | 0.01 | 9085 | 0.4 |
| 0.000001 | 0.0000001 | 8146 | 0.3 |
| 0.0001 | 0.000001 | 8140 | 0.3 |
| NA | NA | 8068 | 0.3 |
| 0.1 | NA | 8040 | 0.3 |
| 0.0001 | 0.0000001 | 7811 | 0.3 |
| 0.0000001 | 0.00001 | 6491 | 0.3 |
| 0.00001 | 0.0000001 | 5779 | 0.2 |
| 0.01 | 0.0001 | 5230 | 0.2 |
| 0.00001 | 0.001 | 4633 | 0.2 |
| 0.01 | 0.001 | 4497 | 0.2 |
| 0.00001 | 0.01 | 3955 | 0.2 |
| 0.0000001 | 0.0001 | 3666 | 0.2 |
| 0.01 | NA | 3436 | 0.1 |
| 0.001 | 0.1 | 3433 | 0.1 |
| 0.0000001 | 0.001 | 3138 | 0.1 |
| 0.01 | 0.000001 | 3137 | 0.1 |
| 0.01 | 0.00001 | 2758 | 0.1 |
| 0.001 | 0.0000001 | 2527 | 0.1 |
| 0.000001 | 0.01 | 2525 | 0.1 |
| 0.000001 | 0.001 | 2079 | 0.1 |
| 0.1 | 0.000001 | 1971 | 0.1 |
| 0.001 | 0.00001 | 1881 | 0.1 |
| NA | 0.01 | 1609 | 0.1 |
| 0.00001 | 0.1 | 1515 | 0.1 |
| 0.001 | 0.000001 | 1091 | 0.0 |
| 0.000001 | 0.1 | 1046 | 0.0 |
| NA | 0.000001 | 1035 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000001 | 0.01 | 925 | 0.0 |
| 0.1 | 0.00001 | 887 | 0.0 |
| 0.0001 | 0.1 | 829 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000000001 | 0.0000000001 | 817 | 0.0 |
| 0.01 | 0.0000001 | 771 | 0.0 |
| 0.00000001 | 0.00000001 | 754 | 0.0 |
| 0.1 | 0.0000001 | 670 | 0.0 |
| 0.1 | 0.001 | 654 | 0.0 |
| 0.1 | 0.0001 | 629 | 0.0 |
| 0.000001 | NA | 625 | 0.0 |
| 0.0001 | NA | 605 | 0.0 |
| 0.000001 | 0.0000000001 | 404 | 0.0 |
| 0.00000001 | 0.0000000001 | 267 | 0.0 |
| 0.00000001 | 0.0000001 | 181 | 0.0 |
| 0.00000001 | NA | 139 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000001 | NA | 122 | 0.0 |
| 0.001 | NA | 120 | 0.0 |
| NA | 0.0001 | 116 | 0.0 |
| 0.00001 | NA | 112 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000000001 | 0.001 | 100 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000001 | 0.1 | 86 | 0.0 |
| 0.00000001 | 0.0001 | 70 | 0.0 |
| 0.000000001 | 0.000000001 | 56 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000000001 | 0.0001 | 41 | 0.0 |
| 0.00001 | 0.0000000001 | 40 | 0.0 |
| NA | 0.001 | 33 | 0.0 |
| NA | 0.00001 | 28 | 0.0 |
| 0.0001 | 0.0000000001 | 27 | 0.0 |
| 0.001 | 0.0000000001 | 27 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000000001 | 0.1 | 26 | 0.0 |
| 0.0001 | 0.00000001 | 26 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000001 | 0.00000001 | 17 | 0.0 |
| 0.000001 | 0.000000001 | 9 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000000001 | 0.000000001 | 7 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000000001 | 0.0000001 | 6 | 0.0 |
| 0.00000001 | 0.01 | 5 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000000001 | 0.00001 | 4 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000000001 | 0.01 | 4 | 0.0 |
| 0.00000001 | 0.000001 | 3 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000001 | 0.000000001 | 3 | 0.0 |
| 0.0000000001 | NA | 2 | 0.0 |
| 0.00000001 | 0.001 | 2 | 0.0 |
| 0.01 | 0.0000000001 | 2 | 0.0 |
| 0.000001 | 0.00000001 | 1 | 0.0 |
| 0.1 | 0.0000000001 | 1 | 0.0 |
| NA | 0.0000000001 | 1 | 0.0 |
| NA | 0.0000001 | 1 | 0.0 |
Geodetic Datum
| value | n |
|---|---|
| WGS84 | 1957318 |
| WGS 84 | 65246 |
| WGS 1984 | 56442 |
| EPSG:4326 | 56029 |
| NAD27 | 49588 |
| NAD 27 | 19150 |
| not recorded (forced WGS84) | 11489 |
| WGS84/NAD83 | 6848 |
| NAD 1927 | 4772 |
| NAD83 | 2528 |
| unknown | 2064 |
| PRP_M | 310 |
| GDA94 | 301 |
| WGs84 | 189 |
| WGS | 179 |
| WGS1984 | 168 |
| ENT.30851 | 141 |
| Unknown | 106 |
| WGS72 | 99 |
| IPE.05223 | 98 |
| IPB.09111 | 65 |
| IPE.05426 | 54 |
| IPE.06762 | 46 |
| IPC.01379 | 45 |
| NAD 1983 | 42 |
| IPE.04435 | 39 |
| IPB.09112 | 36 |
| IPD.00959 | 36 |
| IZS.06861 | 36 |
| IPB.09171 | 34 |
| IZS.12943 | 31 |
| IPB.09236 | 27 |
| IPE.06925 | 27 |
| IZS.12947 | 26 |
| h | 23 |
| IPE.06528 | 23 |
| IPE.06979 | 23 |
| IPB.09166 | 21 |
| IPE.06796 | 21 |
| IPE.09565 | 21 |
| IZS.12954 | 21 |
| IPD.00967 | 20 |
| IPB.09156 | 19 |
| IPE.04593 | 19 |
| IPB.09145 | 18 |
| IPB.09239 | 17 |
| IPB.09133 | 16 |
| IZS.01535 | 15 |
| IZS.04567 | 15 |
| ICH.02847 | 14 |
| IZS.12958 | 14 |
| WGA84 | 14 |
| IPD.07947 | 13 |
| IZS.12944 | 13 |
| NAD1983 | 13 |
| IPB.09132 | 12 |
| IPD.06427 | 12 |
| IZS.12945 | 12 |
| IZS.25699 | 12 |
| 30.51247 | 11 |
| IZS.17594 | 11 |
| IZS.24653 | 11 |
| IPD.00963 | 10 |
| IPD.09482 | 10 |
| IPE.07230 | 10 |
| IPE.09624 | 10 |
| IZS.01569 | 10 |
| IZS.12942 | 10 |
| ORN.10655 | 10 |
| Google Earth Estimate | 9 |
| IPA.06853 | 9 |
| IPD.00962 | 9 |
| IPD.01015 | 9 |
| IPE.06819 | 9 |
| IPB.02344 | 8 |
| IPB.09231 | 8 |
| IPE.06934 | 8 |
| IZS.12955 | 8 |
| 37.437467 | 7 |
| IPE.01374 | 7 |
| IZS.01534 | 7 |
| IZS.12951 | 7 |
| IZS.25702 | 7 |
| IPB.02018 | 6 |
| IPB.09248 | 6 |
| IPD.00971 | 6 |
| IPD.01568 | 6 |
| IPE.07181 | 6 |
| IPE.07551 | 6 |
| NWS84 | 6 |
| PB.06184 | 6 |
| 5 | |
| IPB.02010 | 5 |
| IPB.02015 | 5 |
| IPB.09247 | 5 |
| IPB.09283 | 5 |
| IPD.00965 | 5 |
| IZS.25701 | 5 |
| PB.05755 | 5 |
| IPB.09102 | 4 |
| IPB.09237 | 4 |
| IPE.06664 | 4 |
| IPE.07272 | 4 |
| IZS.15214 | 4 |
| PB.05117 | 4 |
| PB.05140 | 4 |
| GeoBasis-DE/BKG | 3 |
| IPB.01850 | 3 |
| IPB.09154 | 3 |
| IPD.01026 | 3 |
| IPE.06617 | 3 |
| IPE.06636 | 3 |
| IZS.01493 | 3 |
| IZS.01565 | 3 |
| IZS.24599 | 3 |
| IZS.29006 | 3 |
| IZS.30720 | 3 |
| N/A | 3 |
| NAD27_CONUS | 3 |
| -5.83322 | 2 |
| IPA.06877 | 2 |
| IPB.01876 | 2 |
| IPB.05015 | 2 |
| IPB.09113 | 2 |
| IPB.09279 | 2 |
| IPC.01689 | 2 |
| IPE.05421 | 2 |
| IPE.06161 | 2 |
| IPE.06644 | 2 |
| IPE.07177 | 2 |
| IPE.07229 | 2 |
| IPE.07313 | 2 |
| IPE.07400 | 2 |
| IPF.00065 | 2 |
| IPF.04346 | 2 |
| IZS.01553 | 2 |
| IZS.08080 | 2 |
| IZS.12949 | 2 |
| IZS.12956 | 2 |
| IZS.12957 | 2 |
| IZS.15520 | 2 |
| IZS.16785 | 2 |
| ORN.01302 | 2 |
| ORN.10656 | 2 |
| VP.02813 | 2 |
| 32.54572 | 1 |
| 34.101905 | 1 |
| 48.8444 | 1 |
| ENT.14228 | 1 |
| ENT.24683 | 1 |
| GEOBases-DE | 1 |
| GeoBasis-DE | 1 |
| IPB.01853 | 1 |
| IPB.01886 | 1 |
| IPB.02005 | 1 |
| IPB.02377 | 1 |
| IPB.05107 | 1 |
| IPB.09136 | 1 |
| IPB.09225 | 1 |
| IPB.09244 | 1 |
| IPC.08142 | 1 |
| IPD.00888 | 1 |
| IPD.00960 | 1 |
| IPD.00966 | 1 |
| IPD.00972 | 1 |
| IPD.00975 | 1 |
| IPD.01016 | 1 |
| IPD.01019 | 1 |
| IPD.01029 | 1 |
| IPD.02127 | 1 |
| IPD.04669 | 1 |
| IPD.08308 | 1 |
| IPD.08926 | 1 |
| IPE.03174 | 1 |
| IPE.04642 | 1 |
| IPE.06162 | 1 |
| IPE.06496 | 1 |
| IPE.06584 | 1 |
| IPE.06618 | 1 |
| IPE.06632 | 1 |
| IPE.06691 | 1 |
| IPE.06693 | 1 |
| IPE.06702 | 1 |
| IPE.06772 | 1 |
| IPE.06800 | 1 |
| IPE.06967 | 1 |
| IPE.07020 | 1 |
| IPE.07144 | 1 |
| IPE.07145 | 1 |
| IPE.07146 | 1 |
| IPE.07147 | 1 |
| IPE.07148 | 1 |
| IPE.07149 | 1 |
| IPE.07150 | 1 |
| IPE.07276 | 1 |
| IPE.07402 | 1 |
| IZS.01536 | 1 |
| IZS.12946 | 1 |
| IZS.12948 | 1 |
| IZS.12950 | 1 |
| IZS.12959 | 1 |
| IZS.16784 | 1 |
| IZS.16811 | 1 |
| IZS.17285 | 1 |
| IZS.17596 | 1 |
| IZS.26967 | 1 |
| IZS.28749 | 1 |
| MIN.06036 | 1 |
| not recorded | 1 |
| PB.05312 | 1 |
| PB.05670 | 1 |
| WGS83 | 1 |
Georeference Protocol
georeferenceProtocol.png
| value | n |
|---|---|
| Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide Version 2012-10-02 | 408844 |
| digital resource | 358377 |
| physical resource | 105145 |
| GEOLocate | 101518 |
| unspecified | 23878 |
| Georeferencing Quick Guide | 23381 |
| LACMIP georeferencing 2015-2018 | 16952 |
| GBIF Best Practices, Quick Guide | 11385 |
| GBIF Best Practices; Quick Guide | 11178 |
| “Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing”“, Chapman and Wieczorek” | 10360 |
| Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide | 8514 |
| MaNIS/HerpNet/ORNIS Georeferencing Guidelines, GBIF Best Practices | 8024 |
| LACMIP georeferencing 2019 | 6861 |
| Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide Version 2012-10-08 | 4109 |
| “Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing”" (Chapman and Wieczorek, eds. 2006), Global Biodiversity Information Facility" | 1523 |
| Loran A | 1284 |
| GBIF Best Practices Quick Guide | 1210 |
| Quad Map | 955 |
| unknown | 833 |
| Batch georeferenced using Google Maps API | 430 |
| MaNIS/HerpNET/ORNIS Georeferencing Guidelines | 394 |
| Visual Or Radar | 351 |
| Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing Chapman and Wieczorek, eds. 2006, Global Biodiversity Information Facility | 124 |
| Not provided by collector | 111 |
| Quad Map,Creswell,N.C. | 109 |
| Sat Nav | 109 |
| Unknown | 96 |
| Quad Map,Columbia East | 76 |
| Quad Map,Scotia | 76 |
| GPS reading in field | 64 |
| Quad Map,Roper South | 45 |
| Raydist Station Signals 504+585 | 43 |
| Quad Map,Frying Pan,N.C. | 29 |
| Dead Reckoning | 28 |
| GBIF Best Practics; Quick Guide | 22 |
| Quad Map,Creswell Se,N.C. | 16 |
| Quad Map,Fort Landing,N.C. | 15 |
| GBIF Best Practices; Quick Guide; Guidebook | 14 |
| Biogeomancer, Point Radius | 13 |
| Quad Map,Manteo | 8 |
| GBIF Best Practices; Quick Guide | 1 |
| Quad Map,Colombia East | 1 |
| unknown-migration | 1 |
Georeference Sources
georeferenceSources.png
What kind of values do we see in other metadata fields?
Possible fields to look at: - dwc:georeferencedBy - dwc:georeferenceRemarks - dwc:verbatimElevation - dwc:minimumElevationInMeters - dwc:maximumElevationInMeters - dwc:maximumDepthInMeters - dwc:minimumDepthInMeters - dwc:coordinateUncertaintyInMeters - dwc:footprintSRS - dwc:footprintSpatialFit - dwc:footprintWKT - dwc:pointRadiusSpatialFit - dwc:verbatimCoordinateSystem - dwc:verbatimCoordinates - dwc:verbatimDepth - dwc:verbatimLatitude - dwc:verbatimLocality - dwc:verbatimLongitude - dwc:verbatimSRS
What can we say about localities?
Possible geographic fields to look at:
- dwc:geologicalContextID
- dwc:lithostratigraphicTerms
- dwc:lowestBiostratigraphicZone
- dwc:fieldNumber
- dwc:locality
- dwc:locationAccordingTo
- dwc:locationID
- dwc:locationRemarks
Possible lithostratigraphic fields to look at:
- dwc:bed
- dwc:member
- dwc:formation
- dwc:earliestAgeOrLowestStage
- dwc:earliestEonOrLowestEonothem
- dwc:earliestEpochOrLowestSeries
- dwc:earliestEraOrLowestErathem
- dwc:earliestPeriodOrLowestSystem
- dwc:latestAgeOrHighestStage
- dwc:latestEonOrHighestEonothem
- dwc:latestEpochOrHighestSeries
- dwc:latestEraOrHighestErathem
- dwc:latestPeriodOrHighestSystem